With the blockchain ecosystem transitioning from a monolithic to a modular paradigm, we have witnessed the explosive growth of composable, application-specific blockchains, yielding thousands of new ecosystems.

Modularity enables high-performance, scalable, and customizable blockchain architecture, but at the cost of the self-containment and efficiency of monolithic blockchains. It can be observed that, in a modular multi-chain ecosystem, while the problem of limited block space and flexibility is eliminated, user experience is complex, liquidity is fragmented even further, and the cost of interacting across multiple chains remains high.

For developers, fragmentation results in a separate set of challenges, as user dispersion across multiple chains, high costs, and the cumbersome process of transitioning from chain to chain force them to forego users from specific ecosystems, significantly limiting the growth of their applications.

To tackle these problems, Particle Network has devised a unique strategy to enable chain abstraction through Universal Accounts (powered by the Particle Chain), understanding chain abstraction as the missing piece in the transition between Web3's early and mainstream stages.

Chain abstraction allows Web3's product offering and network effects to radically increase in both quantity and quality. This can foster healthy competition among protocols in terms of products, not user bases. Furthermore, in a chain-abstracted paradigm, protocols can adopt application-specific blockchains at a higher rate without fear of isolating themselves from the rest of the ecosystem.

A fully chain-abstracted experience may look as follows:

• Alice discovers a Play-to-Earn dApp. The dApp is hosted on Arbitrum.

• Alice starts using the dApp. The assets in her wallet (Polygon-native) are used for basic dApp interactions. Bridging is automatic, executed atomically as she plays.

• After playing for a bit, Alice earns some tokens. She uses them to buy an NFT for her friend Bob's birthday. Unbeknownst to her, the NFT is hosted on Optimism. She can seamlessly send it to Bob's Universal Account. Importantly, throughout her whole experience, Alice has only used a single gas token.

• Bob decides to take a loan against the NFT on Solana and use the proceeds to buy a meme Bitcoin Ordinal. He does this in just a few clicks within a few minutes, all through the same account.

Particle Network proposes a system that achieves chain abstraction by acting as a universal settlement layer. It features a Universal Account protocol that synchronizes Smart Accounts across the ecosystem, unifying the UX across all chains and allowing users to have the same account address and balance on all of them. Universal Accounts leverage Particle's Universal Liquidity protocol, allowing users to access any chain with a single account via the automatic execution of cross-chain transactions and swaps. This shared liquidity, in turn, enables them to use any token to pay for gas, ultimately settling on the Particle Chain.

To accelerate chain abstraction, Particle Network is also collaborating closely with other industry players focused on this goal, seeking to establish standards and build upon existing solutions moving in the same direction.

Particle Network

Particle Network is the Layer-1 blockchain powering chain abstraction, seamlessly unifying users and liquidity across Web3. At its core are Universal Accounts, which provide users with a single account and unified balance across all chains. These accounts are coordinated and secured by Particle Network, ensuring a frictionless experience across the entire Web3 ecosystem.

By unifying all chains, Particle will enable billions of users to seamlessly onboard and interact with dApps across every chain, serving as the foundation for mass adoption and playing an indispensable role in unifying the Open Web.

Eventually, the $PARTI token will power the economy of Particle Network and its underlying infrastructure.

A Thriving Ecosystem

Launched in 2022, Particle Network debuted as a Wallet Abstraction service provider, enabling users to create wallets linked to their Web2 social accounts, which can then be used natively within dApp-embedded interfaces. This product offering then expanded into Account Abstraction, where Particle Network became Web3's largest provider of AA infrastructure, offering services across 70+ chains, with ~20M cumulative UserOps and securing $2B+.

Particle's solutions also span the Bitcoin ecosystem through BTC Connect, used by all major BTC Layer-2 blockchains. BTC Connect enables native BTC wallets to act as Signers for Particle AA Wallets on BTC L2s. This allows users to use only native Bitcoin wallets (like UniSat) to sign and authorize transactions on Smart Accounts without relying on additional products.

After over 30 million wallet activations and over 7,000 dApp integrations later, Particle Network is taking the next step in its evolution by debuting Universal Accounts to power chain abstraction, taking Web3 to the next level in UX terms.

Furthermore, Particle has also built the first chain-agnostic Mainnet application leveraging Universal Accounts: UniversalX.

Particle Network's flagship product, Universal Accounts, enable true chain abstraction by providing users with a single address, balance, and interaction point for the multi-chain Web3 ecosystem. This removes the need for manual bridging or multi-chain wallet/asset management.

Users leveraging a Universal Account maintain one balance and account state across every blockchain. This presents a unified UX, agnostic to any specific blockchain.

On a technical level, Universal Accounts are specialized ERC-4337 Smart Account implementations deployed and coordinated across chains by the Particle Chain.

Protocols implementing Particle's Universal SDK will assign or resolve a Universal Account attached to a given EOA address, retrieved either via social logins with Particle Network's Modular Smart Wallet-as-a-Service or by connecting a typical Web3 wallet. This account will then be used as the core interface to interact with the dApp, as well as any other application leveraging Universal Accounts.

Universal Liquidity

Particle Network's Universal Liquidity technology is the foundation of Universal Accounts. It coordinates cross-chain transactions atomically on a per-transaction basis, unifying a user's balance.

Universal Liquidity refers to the aggregation of balances across all chains. It is directly driven by atomic cross-chain transactions and swaps coordinated by the Particle Chain. Particle's Decentralized Messaging Network is used to optimistically execute multi-chain transactions on a per-interaction basis, atomically routing liquidity across chains to achieve a goal specified through Particle Network's Universal SDK.

For example, if a given user has 1 ETH worth of MATIC on Polygon, but is executing a transaction requiring 1 ETH on Optimism, Particle Network will route and execute a cross-chain transaction through the initial signature provided for their intended interaction. This allows value to quickly be moved from Polygon to Optimism and used for the action in question, creating the user experience of a singular balance spanning all blockchains.

Universal Gas

Given the unification of balances across chains through Universal Liquidity, Particle Network also solves the fragmentation of expected gas tokens, providing a cohesive experience.

Historically, maintaining gas fee balances across chains has been a significant friction point for users. Particle Network, through the usage of its native Paymaster, allows users to pay for gas fees using any token, regardless of the chain from which this token originates. This makes interactions easier, reducing the number of assets users need to execute transactions across the ecosystem. All transactions will ultimately settle on the Particle Chain through $PARTI.

The Particle Chain

The Particle Chain powers chain abstraction by acting as the coordination engine behind Universal Accounts.

Upon the execution of a cross-chain transaction through a Universal Account, the Particle Chain processes, relays, and manages each operation associated with the completion of this transaction. Through an intricate network of Modular Nodes, including Relayers, Bundlers, and Watchtowers, alongside its native Universal Inter-Blockchain Communication Protocol, the Particle Chain handles end-to-end cross-chain operation management and execution, enabling the Universal Liquidity leveraged by Universal Accounts.

Furthermore, the Particle Chain acts as a central storage layer and source of truth for state parity across all Universal Account instances. Upon the deployment of a new Universal Account, its state is immediately synchronized with associated instances present on other chains through the usage of the L1's Master Keystore Hub.

The Particle Chain is intrinsically modular, retaining its sovereignty while outsourcing key functions like validation and data availability to specialized ecosystem actors. We also offer a high-performance EVM execution environment, ensuring seamless compatibility and maintaining developer friendliness.

The Particle Chain is an Avalanche L1. Its architecture aims to achieve fast finality, high transaction throughput, and short block times. It relies on three core modules (the Master Keystore Hub, Decentralized Bundler, and Decentralized Messaging Network) to achieve chain abstraction. These, in turn, are supported by Aggregated Data Availability and Dual Staking modules to ensure network security.

The chain's high-level architecture is diagrammed below:

Some core components that are key to this architecture are:

VMs compatibility

By integrating the EVM, SVM, and MoveVM, we simplify full-chain interoperability with chains across all of the aforementioned VMs. The unified execution environment further reduces the ecological adaptation threshold, allowing flexible modular combinations with key areas such as cross-chain messaging and DeFi.

Universal Signatures

Serving MPC nodes on non-Smart Contract Platform chains, Universal Signatures provides support for underlying virtual accounts, enabling interoperability with accounts on heterogeneous chains, such as Bitcoin.

Universal IBC

Building upon existing cross-chain messaging components, we abstract an optimistic cross-chain messaging module powered by our Decentralized Messaging Network that can simultaneously connect Cosmos ecosystems, EVM chains, Solana, Bitcoin, and other chains. This component supports rapid settlement and is crucial for a transparent user experience.

Built by Particle Network, UniversalX is the first chain-agnostic trading platform, as well as the first application leveraging Particle's Mainnet, through Universal Accounts. It’s 100% non-custodial and allows users to trade any token on any chain, without bridging.

With UniversalX, users can trade, send, and receive assets using a unified balance for all chains, paying for gas with any token. In other words, if a user wants to buy a token, it doesn’t matter if their assets are spread across many chains or what chain their target token is at—they hit Buy and UniversalX takes care of the rest.

Key features

UniversalX can be used for its chain abstraction properties or built-in trading features. It allows users to:

• Deposit tokens from different supported EVM chains and Solana.

• Use their tokens to trade on all these chains with a unified balance.

• View price, onchain, and qualitative data for any token with zero latency.

• Send assets directly to and from any chain.

• Pay for gas with any token on any chain.

• Purchase thousands of tokens, even memecoins, using cash via debit or credit card, Apple Pay, and other integrations.

• Trade with blazing-fast speed and confirmation times.

• Enjoy full MEV protection.

All of this without bridging.

In practice, UniversalX facilitates a fully onchain CEX-equivalent experience.

Implementation of Universal Accounts

UniversalX fully leverages Universal Accounts (and, consequently, the Particle Chain) through the Universal SDK to enable a chain-abstracted trading experience.

Within the application, a user simply selects the token they want to buy. UniversalX, in turn, routes balances from every chain the user holds assets on, executing the trade in one signature and automating cross-chain operations.

Following a similar philosophy to AggDA, Particle Network approaches consensus by focusing on ensuring a high degree of cryptoeconomic security and accessibility.

Bootstrapping a Proof-of-Stake network can be risky, often leading to undesirable volatility affecting the network's value and stability. To solve this, the Particle Chain features a dual staking system, combining Proof-of-Stake through Tendermint with Bitcoin's native security and censorship resistance. Babylon's Bitcoin staking protocol makes this.

Dual staking leverages two distinct pools of operators: one with delegations of Particle Network's native token, and another with delegations of BTC through Babylon. Both groups are required to agree on validity individually, warranting equal participation in consensus.

A model of this nature significantly reduces pressure and security dependence on Particle Network's native token, instead bootstrapping the network through the cryptoeconomic security provided by Bitcoin staking.

Within this modular L1, the following modules support the design and ongoing coordination of Universal Accounts:

• Master Keystore Hub: Particle Network acts as the central hub coordinating smart contract deployments and updates across all networks, automatically synchronizing settings between each Universal Account instance and ensuring complete state parity across networks. Account settings are stored on Particle Network to be used as a central source of truth across every instance. The Particle Chain then facilitates cross-chain messages to either deploy new instances abiding by these settings or update existing instances as these settings change.

• Decentralized Messaging Network (DMN): On Particle Network, Relayer Nodes use a Messaging Protocol to monitor whether UserOperations on external chains have been executed successfully, and then settle the execution status on the Particle Chain. This network of decentralized Relayer Nodes, tasked with monitoring external chain events and the settlement of state events, is called the Decentralized Messaging Network.

• Decentralized Bundler: While current implementations of ERC-4337 account abstraction Bundlers are centralized and as such censorable, Particle Network has designed and implemented a fully decentralized Bundler for high-volume UserOperation processing. Within this implementation, the Bundler takes transactions from a public UserOp mempool, upon which they're processed by Operators participating in Particle Network's custom Bundler Nodes before relaying them.

Particle Network's $PARTI token is the centerpiece of the Particle Chain and its ecosystem’s economy. It is designed to streamline users’ experience by powering Universal Gas, all the while facilitating seamless settlements on the Particle Chain as an exchange mechanism for Universal Liquidity. As a PoS network, the Particle Chain relies heavily on $PARTI, alongside L1 Nodes, to form a secure foundation for Particle Network. $PARTI also serves as the sole governance token of the network.

$PARTI's supply is fixed at 1,000,000,000 tokens, with a structured release schedule designed to foster a deflationary economy and ensure long-term token scarcity.

Tokenomics

$PARTI tokens are allocated as follows:

• Team & Advisors (12.11%): Vested over multiple years for long-term project alignment.

• Private Sales (24.39%): Locked initially, with a multi-year release schedule.

• KOL Round (1.50%): Reserved for strategic influencers and partners, partially unlocking at TGE, then gradually over time.

• Liquidity (5%): Deployed at TGE to support immediate market stability and depth.

• Community Growth (40%): Distributed in multiple phases to foster user adoption and incentivize broader engagement. This includes a total of 9% for initial airdrops, with the remaining community tokens released periodically.

• IDO (5%): $PARTI’s Binance Wallet IDO.

• Binance Wallet Airdrop (1%): Allocated at TGE for targeted user onboarding via Binance Wallet.

• Binance HODLer Airdrops (6%): Distributed to long-term BNB holders, in two separate airdrops.

• Reserve (5%): Held for future strategic needs and ecosystem expansion.

Within modular blockchain architectures, the most commonly outsourced component is Data Availability (DA). Particle Network is no exception, although it takes a unique approach to the implementation of external DA layers.

Due to the intensive task of coordinating cross-chain transactions across the entire blockchain ecosystem and simultaneously maintaining state across every Universal Account, Particle aims to maximize security and stability to build a truly robust blockchain. In the context of DA, this is achieved through the aggregation of multiple providers. These providers are:

• Celestia

• Avail

• NEAR DA

With each DA solution bringing unique benefits and performance priorities, leveraging only one would fail to meet the requirement of maximal security and stability. Therefore, Particle Network leverages random deterministic redundancy for each block, posting data between different DA layers accordingly. This model significantly enhances availability and stability through increased redundancy, as well as decentralization.

Universal Accounts connect developers and users from all chains, creating a borderless multi-chain ecosystem.

To foster Web3’s growth through the adoption of chain abstraction, Particle Network will also gradually develop and incubate high-quality applications. This process will be divided into three phases:

1. Permissioned Ecosystem (Q1, 25): Currently, the Particle Network team is building core, high-quality applications leveraging Universal Accounts. UniversalX has already been launched as the first chain-agnostic Mainnet application, enabling onchain trading with combined balances from every chain. In the future, and to continue fostering its ecosystem, Particle will launch two more chain-abstracted applications covering foundational use cases.

2. Collaborative Ecosystem (Q3, 25): In this phase, Particle Network will collaborate with key ecosystem partners to leverage Universal Accounts—within both existing and new applications—in crucial verticals such as AI, trading, and stablecoins.

3. Permissionless Ecosystem (Q1, 26): In this phase, any ecosystem actor can permissionlessly integrate Universal Accounts. Public chains will be able to deploy UAs into their ecosystem to connect to Particle Network. Similarly, any application developer will be able to integrate them into their dApp—enabling their users to enjoy the best experience across any application and public chain.

Users are able to support the Particle Chain's decentralization and security by running a node. "Modular Node" is a collective term for various types of nodes in the Particle Chain each serving different roles. Particle Network's modular design requires five types of Modular Nodes:

1. Validator: Responsible for validating transactions, settling the execution status of external UserOps, voting to generate blocks, and participating in the verification of fraud proofs submitted by Watchtower nodes.

2. Relayer: Acts as a message hub, monitoring and synchronizing the execution status of external chain UserOps and synchronizing Universal Account changes.

3. Bundler: Responsible for the specific execution of UserOps on external chains.

4. DA Aggregator: Integrates and encapsulates various DA networks such as Celestia, Avail, Near DA, and EigenDA, providing upper layers with a unified data publishing and verification interface.

5. Watchtower: Monitors the work of other nodes, ensuring node liveness, and provides execution proofs and possible fraud proofs for each block generated per epoch.

Operating Conditions

The Particle Chain is an open and permissionless Layer-1, where any node operator can freely participate as long as they meet certain conditions.

The network will gradually open up, with more information to be provided later.

You can continue learning about Particle Network, engage with the community, and follow us on all of Particle's community channels:

• Particle Network Blog

• Discord server

• Twitter

• YouTube channel

• LinkedIn

• People's Alliance

• Particle Network Docs

• GitHub

$PARTI has three main functionalities:

1. Staking & Governance. $PARTI holders can participate in ecosystem voting within Particle Network, contributing to and determining the direction of network development. This also achieves native decentralization at a governance level.

2. Universal Gas Token. $PARTI serves as Particle Network's native gas token and base gas token used by Universal Accounts. All gas fees paid by users on any chain are ultimately settled on $PARTI.

3. Universal Liquidity Token. $PARTI also serves as a settlement and intermediate token for Liquidity Providers (LPs) within Particle Network, participating in cross-chain atomic swaps and earning swap fees.