> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://doc.particle.network/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://doc.particle.network/particle-network/modular-l1-design/underlying-architecture.md).

# Underlying Architecture

The Particle Chain is an Avalanche L1. Its architecture aims to achieve fast finality, high transaction throughput, and short block times. It relies on three core modules **(the Master Keystore Hub, Decentralized Bundler, and Decentralized Messaging Network**) to achieve chain abstraction. These, in turn, are supported by **Aggregated Data Availability** and **Dual Staking** modules to ensure network security. 

The chain's high-level architecture is diagrammed below:

<figure><img src="/files/Ru2RJF9X3qTdkz2IobnV" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Some core components that are key to this architecture are:

## VMs compatibility

By integrating the EVM, SVM, and MoveVM, we simplify full-chain interoperability with chains across all of the aforementioned VMs. The unified execution environment further reduces the ecological adaptation threshold, allowing flexible modular combinations with key areas such as cross-chain messaging and DeFi.

## Universal Signatures

Serving MPC nodes on non-Smart Contract Platform chains, Universal Signatures provides support for underlying virtual accounts, enabling interoperability with accounts on heterogeneous chains, such as Bitcoin.

## Universal IBC

Building upon existing cross-chain messaging components, we abstract an optimistic cross-chain messaging module powered by our Decentralized Messaging Network that can simultaneously connect Cosmos ecosystems, EVM chains, Solana, Bitcoin, and other chains. This component supports rapid settlement and is crucial for a transparent user experience.


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